# by default, only the result of the last expression in a cell is displayed after evaluation.
# the following forces display of *all* self-standing expressions in a cell.
from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
InteractiveShell.ast_node_interactivity = "all"
This list supports the mutable sequence operations in addition to the common sequence operations.
l = [1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1]
l
[1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1]
len(l)
8
l[5]
3
m=l[1:-1] #slices do not change the list, they make a new list
m
[2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3]
l + ['hello', 'world']
_
l
[1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1, 'hello', 'world']
[1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1, 'hello', 'world']
[1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1]
l # `+` does *not* mutate the list!
l * 3
l
[1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1]
[1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1]
sum = 0
for x in l:
sum += x
sum
14
l = list('hell')
l
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l']
l.append('o')
l
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
l[1]
l[5]
'e'
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- IndexError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-18-f21976a050d6> in <module> 1 l[1] ----> 2 l[5] IndexError: list index out of range
l[5]='matt'
l
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- IndexError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-19-66dec5101980> in <module> ----> 1 l[5]='matt' 2 l IndexError: list assignment index out of range
l.append(' there')
l
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' there']
m=list(range(5))
m
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
l
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' there']
del l[-1]
l
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
l.extend(' there')
l
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 't', 'h', 'e', 'r', 'e']
l[2:7] # does not change the list
del l[2:7]
l
['h', 'e', 'h', 'e', 'r', 'e']
l=[]
m=list('matt')
m
['m', 'a', 't', 't']
m.insert(0, 'Bauer')
m
['Bauer', 'm', 'a', 't', 't']
# find a run of an exact length
import random
flips=''
for j in range(100):
flips=flips+str(random.randint(0, 1))
flips
flips.index('000') # not correct!
flips.index('0001') # not correct!
'1110101101110010000111001000001100010100100111100000110011101100111010011000010110101011101110011010'
15
16
#attempt1
key='000'
#for i in flips:
for counti in range(len(flips)):
if flips[counti]==key[0]:
for j in range(len(key)): # look at following letter
if flips[counti+j]!=key[j]:
break
counti+=1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- IndexError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-39-7ec89e87f377> in <module> 5 if flips[counti]==key[0]: 6 for j in range(len(key)): # look at following letter ----> 7 if flips[counti+j]!=key[j]: 8 break 9 counti+=1 IndexError: string index out of range
#attempt2
flips
runs=[]
prev=flips[0]
runCount=1
for c in flips[1:]:
if c==prev:
runCount+=1
else:
if prev=='0':
runs.append(runCount)
else:
runs.append(-1*runCount)
runCount=1
prev=c
runs
d=runs.index(3)
d
sum=0
for x in range(d):
sum=sum+abs(runs[x])
sum
'1110101101110010000111001000001100010100100111100000110011101100111010011000010110101011101110011010'
[-3, 1, -1, 1, -2, 1, -3, 2, -1, 4, -3, 2, -1, 5, -2, 3, -1, 1, -1, 2, -1, 2, -4, 5, -2, 2, -3, 1, -2, 2, -3, 1, -1, 2, -2, 4, -1, 1, -2, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -3, 1, -3, 2, -2, 1, -1]
15
32
[x for x in range(10)]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
j=[]
for i in range(10):
j.append(i)
j
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[2*x+1 for x in range(10)] # odd numbers
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]
[2*x+1 for x in range(10) if (2*x+1)%3==0] # first 9 odd numbers divisible by 3
[3, 9, 15]
# What circles of radius 1 to 5 have more area than squares with sides 1 to 5?
import math
[(radius,side) for radius in range(1,6) for side in range(1,6) if (math.pi*radius*radius > side*side) ]
[(1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5)]
# list comprehension [result_expression iteration(s) condition(s)]
adjs = ('hot', 'blue', 'quick')
nouns = ('table', 'fox', 'sky')
phrases = []
for adj in adjs:
for noun in nouns:
phrases.append(adj + ' ' + noun)
phrases
['hot table', 'hot fox', 'hot sky', 'blue table', 'blue fox', 'blue sky', 'quick table', 'quick fox', 'quick sky']
[adj + ' ' + noun for adj in adjs for noun in nouns]
['hot table', 'hot fox', 'hot sky', 'blue table', 'blue fox', 'blue sky', 'quick table', 'quick fox', 'quick sky']
l=[[]]*5
m=[[],[],[],[],[]]
l
m
l[0].append('matt')
l
m[0].append('matt')
m
[[], [], [], [], []]
[[], [], [], [], []]
[['matt'], ['matt'], ['matt'], ['matt'], ['matt']]
[['matt'], [], [], [], []]
A set is a data structure that represents an unordered collection of unique objects (like the mathematical set).
s = {1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1}
s
{1, 2, 3}
t = {2, 3, 4, 5}
s.union(t)
s
t
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
{1, 2, 3}
{2, 3, 4, 5}
s.difference(t)
{1}
s.intersection(t)
{2, 3}
for x in s:
print(x)
1 2 3
s[1]
s[2]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-9-37ce3d26dd00> in <module> ----> 1 s[1] 2 s[2] TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
1 in s
5 in t
True
True
s - 1
s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-11-8f2eb23b153b> in <module> ----> 1 s - 1 2 s TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'set' and 'int'
A dictionary is a data structure that contains a set of unique key → value mappings.
d = {
'Superman': 'Clark Kent',
'Batman': 'Bruce Wayne',
'Spiderman': 'Peter Parker',
'Ironman': 'Tony Stark'
}
d['Ironman']
'Tony Stark'
d['Ironman'] = 'James Rhodes'
d
{'Superman': 'Clark Kent',
'Batman': 'Bruce Wayne',
'Spiderman': 'Peter Parker',
'Ironman': 'James Rhodes'}
d['pythonguy']="Michael Lee"
d
{'Superman': 'Clark Kent',
'Batman': 'Bruce Wayne',
'Spiderman': 'Peter Parker',
'Ironman': 'James Rhodes',
'pythonguy': 'Michael Lee'}
for x in d:
print(x)
Superman Batman Spiderman Ironman pythonguy
for x in d.values():
print(x)
Clark Kent Bruce Wayne Peter Parker James Rhodes Michael Lee
for k,v in d.items():
print(k,v)
Superman Clark Kent Batman Bruce Wayne Spiderman Peter Parker Ironman James Rhodes pythonguy Michael Lee
'pythonguy' in d
True
'Pythonguy' in d
False
d['Ironman']
d['me']
'James Rhodes'
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- KeyError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-25-e245055d2b39> in <module> 1 d['Ironman'] ----> 2 d['me'] KeyError: 'me'
d.get('Ironman')
d.get('me') # returning none
d.get('me', 'no one')
'James Rhodes'
'no one'
type(d)
dict
d
del d['pythonguy']
d
{'Superman': 'Clark Kent',
'Batman': 'Bruce Wayne',
'Spiderman': 'Peter Parker',
'Ironman': 'James Rhodes',
'pythonguy': 'Michael Lee'}
{'Superman': 'Clark Kent',
'Batman': 'Bruce Wayne',
'Spiderman': 'Peter Parker',
'Ironman': 'James Rhodes'}
d
{'Superman': 'Clark Kent',
'Spiderman': 'Peter Parker',
'Ironman': 'James Rhodes'}
for k,v in d.items():
if v=='Bruce Wayne':
del d[k]
d
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- RuntimeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-31-51bbb1efd4ae> in <module> ----> 1 for k,v in d.items(): 2 if v=='Bruce Wayne': 3 del d[k] 4 d RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration
for k,v in d.copy().items():
if v=='James Rhodes':
del d[k]
d
{'Superman': 'Clark Kent', 'Spiderman': 'Peter Parker'}
{e:2**e for e in range(0,100,10)}
{0: 1,
10: 1024,
20: 1048576,
30: 1073741824,
40: 1099511627776,
50: 1125899906842624,
60: 1152921504606846976,
70: 1180591620717411303424,
80: 1208925819614629174706176,
90: 1237940039285380274899124224}
{x:y for x in range(3) for y in range(10)}
{0: 9, 1: 9, 2: 9}
sentence = 'a man a plan a canal panama'
{w:w[::-1] for w in sentence.split()}
{'a': 'a', 'man': 'nam', 'plan': 'nalp', 'canal': 'lanac', 'panama': 'amanap'}
[(w,w[::-1]) for w in sentence.split()]
[('a', 'a'),
('man', 'nam'),
('a', 'a'),
('plan', 'nalp'),
('a', 'a'),
('canal', 'lanac'),
('panama', 'amanap')]
import urllib.request
peter_pan_text = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16/16-0.txt').read().decode()
peter_pan_text[:100]
'\ufeffThe Project Gutenberg eBook of Peter Pan, by James M. Barrie\r\n\r\nThis eBook is for the use of anyone'
peter_pan_words = peter_pan_text.split() #list of strings
peter_pan_words[:10]
['\ufeffThe', 'Project', 'Gutenberg', 'eBook', 'of', 'Peter', 'Pan,', 'by', 'James', 'M.']
peter_pan_words.count("Peter")
peter_pan_words.count("peter")
238
0
peter_pan_words.index("Hook")
12453
peter_pan_words.index("Hook",12454)
15387
d={}
for word in peter_pan_words:
if word not in d:
d[word]=peter_pan_words.count(word)
d
{'\ufeffThe': 1,
'Project': 79,
'Gutenberg': 22,
'eBook': 6,
'of': 919,
'Peter': 238,
'Pan,': 3,
'by': 180,
'James': 7,
'M.': 3,
'Barrie': 3,
'This': 31,
'is': 340,
'for': 377,
'the': 2318,
'use': 19,
'anyone': 4,
'anywhere': 2,
'in': 681,
'United': 15,
'States': 7,
'and': 1388,
'most': 42,
'other': 72,
'parts': 4,
'world': 5,
'at': 318,
'no': 135,
'cost': 2,
'with': 358,
'almost': 36,
'restrictions': 2,
'whatsoever.': 2,
'You': 36,
'may': 48,
'copy': 8,
'it,': 63,
'give': 26,
'it': 473,
'away': 29,
'or': 130,
're-use': 2,
'under': 28,
'terms': 21,
'License': 8,
'included': 2,
'this': 192,
'online': 4,
'www.gutenberg.org.': 2,
'If': 34,
'you': 406,
'are': 188,
'not': 383,
'located': 7,
'States,': 4,
'will': 86,
'have': 249,
'to': 1206,
'check': 4,
'laws': 11,
'country': 5,
'where': 44,
'before': 42,
'using': 8,
'eBook.': 2,
'Title:': 1,
'Pan': 14,
'Wendy': 200,
'Author:': 1,
'Release': 1,
'Date:': 1,
'July,': 1,
'1991': 2,
'[eBook': 1,
'#16]': 1,
'[Most': 1,
'recently': 1,
'updated:': 1,
'February': 1,
'15,': 1,
'2021]': 1,
'Language:': 1,
'English': 3,
'Character': 1,
'set': 15,
'encoding:': 1,
'UTF-8': 1,
'Produced': 1,
'by:': 1,
'Duncan': 2,
'Research': 1,
'***': 4,
'START': 1,
'OF': 10,
'THE': 31,
'PROJECT': 4,
'GUTENBERG': 3,
'EBOOK': 2,
'PETER': 4,
'PAN': 2,
'[PETER': 1,
'AND': 2,
'WENDY]': 1,
'J.': 1,
'[James': 1,
'Matthew': 1,
'Barrie]': 1,
'A': 19,
'Millennium': 1,
'Fulcrum': 1,
'Edition': 1,
'produced': 2,
'Research.': 1,
'Note': 1,
'that': 565,
'while': 26,
'a': 956,
'copyright': 21,
'was': 899,
'initially': 1,
'claimed': 2,
'labor': 1,
'involved': 1,
'digitization,': 1,
'claim': 2,
'consistent': 2,
'current': 2,
'requirements.': 2,
'text,': 1,
'which': 123,
'matches': 1,
'1911': 1,
'original': 2,
'publication,': 1,
'public': 7,
'domain': 3,
'US.': 1,
'Contents': 1,
'Chapter': 34,
'I.': 3,
'BREAKS': 2,
'THROUGH': 2,
'II.': 2,
'SHADOW': 2,
'III.': 2,
'COME': 6,
'AWAY,': 2,
'AWAY!': 2,
'IV.': 2,
'FLIGHT': 2,
'V.': 3,
'ISLAND': 2,
'TRUE': 2,
'VI.': 2,
'LITTLE': 2,
'HOUSE': 2,
'VII.': 2,
'HOME': 6,
'UNDER': 3,
'GROUND': 2,
'VIII.': 2,
'MERMAIDS’': 2,
'LAGOON': 2,
'IX.': 2,
'NEVER': 2,
'BIRD': 2,
'X.': 2,
'HAPPY': 2,
'XI.': 2,
'WENDY’S': 2,
'STORY': 2,
'XII.': 2,
'CHILDREN': 2,
'ARE': 2,
'CARRIED': 2,
'OFF': 2,
'XIII.': 2,
'DO': 2,
'YOU': 8,
'BELIEVE': 2,
'IN': 3,
'FAIRIES?': 2,
'XIV.': 2,
'PIRATE': 2,
'SHIP': 2,
'XV.': 2,
'“HOOK': 2,
'OR': 8,
'ME': 2,
'THIS': 5,
'TIME”': 2,
'XVI.': 2,
'RETURN': 2,
'XVII.': 2,
'WHEN': 2,
'WENDY': 2,
'GREW': 2,
'UP': 2,
'All': 17,
'children,': 6,
'except': 20,
'one,': 15,
'grow': 8,
'up.': 14,
'They': 101,
'soon': 26,
'know': 65,
'they': 464,
'up,': 18,
'way': 60,
'knew': 63,
'this.': 6,
'One': 9,
'day': 11,
'when': 152,
'she': 465,
'two': 36,
'years': 3,
'old': 23,
'playing': 10,
'garden,': 1,
'plucked': 2,
'another': 24,
'flower': 2,
'ran': 17,
'her': 360,
'mother.': 9,
'I': 253,
'suppose': 7,
'must': 68,
'looked': 33,
'rather': 40,
'delightful,': 1,
'Mrs.': 72,
'Darling': 93,
'put': 40,
'hand': 32,
'heart': 13,
'cried,': 42,
'“Oh,': 24,
'why': 13,
'can’t': 24,
'remain': 5,
'like': 86,
'ever!”': 1,
'all': 220,
'passed': 12,
'between': 13,
'them': 165,
'on': 323,
'subject,': 2,
'but': 376,
'henceforth': 2,
'always': 50,
'after': 44,
'two.': 3,
'Two': 2,
'beginning': 7,
'end.': 3,
'Of': 37,
'course': 55,
'lived': 6,
'14,': 1,
'until': 21,
'came': 71,
'mother': 33,
'chief': 3,
'one.': 11,
'She': 109,
'lovely': 14,
'lady,': 7,
'romantic': 4,
'mind': 11,
'such': 60,
'sweet': 7,
'mocking': 4,
'mouth.': 5,
'Her': 10,
'tiny': 5,
'boxes,': 1,
'one': 169,
'within': 11,
'other,': 5,
'come': 50,
'from': 145,
'puzzling': 2,
'East,': 1,
'however': 3,
'many': 25,
'discover': 4,
'there': 111,
'more;': 2,
'mouth': 15,
'had': 497,
'kiss': 8,
'could': 139,
'never': 65,
'get,': 1,
'though': 46,
'was,': 14,
'perfectly': 6,
'conspicuous': 1,
'right-hand': 2,
'corner.': 2,
'The': 146,
'Mr.': 46,
'won': 1,
'this:': 2,
'gentlemen': 3,
'who': 133,
'been': 135,
'boys': 61,
'girl': 10,
'discovered': 7,
'simultaneously': 2,
'loved': 13,
'her,': 37,
'house': 24,
'propose': 1,
'Darling,': 10,
'took': 24,
'cab': 2,
'nipped': 2,
'first,': 7,
'so': 197,
'he': 866,
'got': 33,
'her.': 41,
'He': 163,
'innermost': 1,
'box': 2,
'kiss.': 3,
'about': 106,
'box,': 2,
'time': 81,
'gave': 36,
'up': 112,
'trying': 10,
'thought': 69,
'Napoleon': 1,
'can': 50,
'picture': 1,
'him': 186,
'trying,': 2,
'then': 67,
'going': 31,
'off': 31,
'passion,': 1,
'slamming': 1,
'door.': 4,
'used': 17,
'boast': 2,
'only': 84,
'respected': 1,
'him.': 66,
'those': 17,
'deep': 2,
'ones': 13,
'stocks': 3,
'shares.': 1,
'really': 44,
'knows,': 1,
'quite': 62,
'seemed': 23,
'know,': 11,
'often': 17,
'said': 218,
'were': 243,
'shares': 1,
'down': 50,
'would': 209,
'made': 48,
'any': 67,
'woman': 7,
'respect': 3,
'married': 6,
'white,': 3,
'first': 64,
'kept': 12,
'books': 1,
'perfectly,': 1,
'gleefully,': 3,
'as': 312,
'if': 125,
'game,': 3,
'much': 30,
'Brussels': 1,
'sprout': 1,
'missing;': 1,
'whole': 14,
'cauliflowers': 1,
'dropped': 12,
'out,': 15,
'instead': 13,
'pictures': 1,
'babies': 4,
'without': 41,
'faces.': 1,
'drew': 11,
'should': 47,
'totting': 2,
'Darling’s': 7,
'guesses.': 2,
'John,': 21,
'Michael.': 6,
'For': 26,
'week': 6,
'doubtful': 2,
'whether': 18,
'be': 247,
'able': 10,
'keep': 14,
'feed.': 1,
'frightfully': 10,
'proud': 7,
'very': 64,
'honourable,': 1,
'sat': 34,
'edge': 3,
'bed,': 11,
'holding': 5,
'calculating': 1,
'expenses,': 3,
'imploringly.': 2,
'wanted': 14,
'risk': 1,
'what': 105,
'might,': 1,
'his': 455,
'way;': 1,
'pencil': 1,
'piece': 4,
'paper,': 2,
'confused': 2,
'suggestions': 1,
'begin': 1,
'again.': 22,
'“Now': 8,
'don’t': 54,
'interrupt,”': 1,
'beg': 2,
'“I': 159,
'pound': 2,
'seventeen': 1,
'here,': 6,
'six': 9,
'office;': 1,
'cut': 13,
'my': 69,
'coffee': 1,
'office,': 3,
'say': 36,
'ten': 8,
'shillings,': 1,
'making': 10,
'nine': 12,
'six,': 2,
'your': 80,
'eighteen': 1,
'three': 24,
'makes': 7,
'seven,': 2,
'five': 3,
'naught': 2,
'cheque-book': 3,
'eight': 3,
'seven—who': 1,
'moving?—eight': 1,
'dot': 1,
'carry': 10,
'seven—don’t': 1,
'speak,': 2,
'own—and': 1,
'lent': 1,
'man': 33,
'door—quiet,': 1,
'child—dot': 1,
'child—there,': 1,
'you’ve': 1,
'done': 10,
'it!—did': 1,
'seven?': 1,
'yes,': 5,
'seven;': 1,
'question': 7,
'is,': 6,
'we': 138,
'try': 2,
'year': 5,
'seven?”': 1,
'“Of': 8,
'can,': 1,
'George,”': 5,
'cried.': 18,
'But': 65,
'prejudiced': 2,
'Wendy’s': 26,
'favour,': 1,
'grander': 1,
'character': 2,
'“Remember': 1,
'mumps,”': 1,
'warned': 3,
'threateningly,': 1,
'went': 48,
'“Mumps': 1,
'pound,': 1,
'down,': 7,
'daresay': 2,
'more': 62,
'thirty': 2,
'shillings—don’t': 1,
'speak—measles': 1,
'five,': 1,
'German': 1,
'measles': 2,
'half': 8,
'guinea,': 1,
'fifteen': 2,
'six—don’t': 1,
'waggle': 1,
'finger—whooping-cough,': 1,
'shillings”—and': 1,
'went,': 5,
'added': 5,
'differently': 1,
'each': 31,
'time;': 6,
'last': 48,
'just': 73,
'through,': 3,
'mumps': 1,
'reduced': 1,
'twelve': 1,
'kinds': 1,
'treated': 6,
'There': 43,
'same': 21,
'excitement': 1,
'over': 56,
'Michael': 68,
'even': 42,
'narrower': 1,
'squeak;': 1,
'both': 16,
'kept,': 1,
'soon,': 2,
'might': 28,
'seen': 20,
'row': 4,
'Miss': 2,
'Fulsom’s': 2,
'Kindergarten': 1,
'school,': 3,
'accompanied': 4,
'their': 213,
'nurse.': 4,
'everything': 6,
'so,': 9,
'passion': 2,
'being': 26,
'exactly': 13,
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...}
len(d)
9091
maxCount=0;
maxKey=""
for k,v in d.items():
if v > maxCount:
maxCount=v
maxKey=k
maxCount
maxKey
2318
'the'
sort(d)
d
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- NameError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-51-d566e75bbe4f> in <module> ----> 1 sort(d) 2 d NameError: name 'sort' is not defined
?sorted #gets help file
sorted(['i', 'like', 'cakes'])
sorted(['i', 'like', 'cakes'], reverse=True)
sorted(['i', 'like', 'cakes'], key=len, reverse=True)
Object `sorted #gets help file` not found.
['cakes', 'i', 'like']
['like', 'i', 'cakes']
['cakes', 'like', 'i']
coords = [(0, 0), (-5, 0), (1, -100), (2, 2), (50, 50), (-5, 5)]
coords
[(0, 0), (-5, 0), (1, -100), (2, 2), (50, 50), (-5, 5)]
sorted(coords)
coords
[(-5, 0), (-5, 5), (0, 0), (1, -100), (2, 2), (50, 50)]
[(0, 0), (-5, 0), (1, -100), (2, 2), (50, 50), (-5, 5)]
import math
def dist(coord):
return math.sqrt(coord[0]**2 + coord[1]**2)
for x in coords:
print(dist(x))
0.0 5.0 100.00499987500625 2.8284271247461903 70.71067811865476 7.0710678118654755
sorted(coords, key=dist)
[(0, 0), (2, 2), (-5, 0), (-5, 5), (50, 50), (1, -100)]
sorted(coords, key=dist, reverse=True)
[(1, -100), (50, 50), (-5, 5), (-5, 0), (2, 2), (0, 0)]
coords
[(0, 0), (-5, 0), (1, -100), (2, 2), (50, 50), (-5, 5)]
number_list = range(-5, 5)
less_than_zero = list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, number_list))
print(less_than_zero)
[-5, -4, -3, -2, -1]